The main part of this Volume 6 (Chs. 1-5) of the series, Don Bosco: History and Spirit, continues the survey of the Society’s Institutional Expansion begun in the preceding chapter in its twofold aspect, external and internal. The external expansion is set in a different scenario and context—no longer in Europe but in South America. Chapters 1-4 describe the implantation of the Salesian work in South America, and specifically (after a briefs anthropological and historical introduction by way of establishing a context) they tell the story of the Argentine offer and of Don Bosco’s acceptance, out of several option available to him (Ch. 1). It is noted that the original offer was for implanting the Salesian work of behalf on poor children and immigrants in Buenos Aires and La Plata area. Don Bosco, however, out of a new missionary awareness at the same time aimed at committing the Society to missionary apostolate properly so called, among the aboriginal native population, and he eventually obtained Apostolic recognition (Chs. 2-3). Chapter 4 is a collection of appendices relating to the above.
Chapter 5 describes a further internal institutional expansion, the "founding" (organization) of the Salesian Cooperators and connected structures, namely, the Work of Mary Help of Christians and the Salesian Bulletin.
The last two chapters continue the discussion of further stages in the conflict between Don Bosco and Archbishop Gastaldi that had begun in connection with the approval of the Constitutions (1872-1874). The conflict, for a variety of causes, increases in bitterness through 1874-1877 (Ch. 6), and becomes more acrimonious with the appearance of defamatory pamphlets against the Archbishop (Ch. 7, 1877-1882). It is brought to an end only by Pope Leo XIII’s intervention, imposing a document of reconciliation (Concordia).
Il volume, come è indicato dal sottotitolo, mira a presentare in sintesi i risultati del cammino fatto dall’A. nel corso di oltre cinquant’anni di studio e di ricerca, cammino inizialmente motivato dalla responsabilità della docenza in una Facoltà Teologica, divenuto però con il tempo e con le connesse vicende della vita sempre più impegno ed esigenza "personale". Viene infatti qui affrontato un argomento che è centrale nella vita di ogni "credente", ancor più se si ritrova più direttamente impegnato, come sacerdote, al seguito di Gesù. Come con semplicità e sincerità l’A. attesta nella presentazione del volume, mentre nei primi anni del cammino egli ha soprattutto cercato di attenersi al percorso tracciato in materia dall’abbondante letteratura di cui poteva disporre – tanti preziosi ed insostituibili compagni di viaggio! – col passare del tempo ha sempre più avvertito il bisogno di addivenire, sulle singole questioni d’indole sia esegetica che storica, a convinzioni personalmente condivise. Nel presente volume, quasi a conclusione del lungo cammino percorso, l’A. affida ai lettori alcuni dei risultati più significativi a cui è pervenuto, ben conscio, per altra parte, che il cammino che ci sta davanti è ancor sempre lungo e necessita pertanto di essere supportato da convinzioni sempre più solide e condivise. Come traspare dall’Indice dei singoli argomenti affrontati, il volume si presenta, a tutta prima, come un tradizionale manuale d’introduzione allo studio della letteratura "evangelica" canonica neotestamentaria. Ciò che però è nuovo ed in certo senso anche "originale" è il modo con cui le singole questioni vengono affrontate: più che indugiare a richiamare le tante e ben diversificate posizioni degli Studiosi in materia, si suggerisce con linearità e concisione la soluzione ritenuta più convincente, soprattutto fondandosi sui dati offerti dalla Tradizione antica, più vicina ai tempi "evangelici". Il lettore trova così felicemente congiunti in unità l’antico e il nuovo, proprio come suggerito da Gesù: «Ogni scriba, fatto discepolo del Regno dei Cieli, è simile a un uomo padrone di casa, che trae fuori dal tesoro suo cose nuove e cose vecchie» (Mt 13,52).
The Gospel of John is a "Spiritual Gospel" in the theological sense of the word; the Fathers of the Church had already accredited John with the title "Theologian" and modern exegeses retain the same appraisal. Studies of our time have brought to light that the author of the fourth Gospel isn’t a neo platonic mystic, who dreams of escaping from the reality of our world, but a man who deeply knows first century Palestine from the geographical, topographical, chronological viewpoint; and one who gives great importance to facts and true-life accounts of Jesus in the context of his environment. Though, he focused his entire attention and contemplation on Jesus-the Man, and why is revealed in Him the Word made flesh: the meeting with Jesus had been for John an unforgettable event, and the Gospel he left us is the fruit of that progressive discovery of Christ and of the lived experience with Christ. John’ skill is to penetrate, and to help us also penetrate with him, the mystery of the Son of God beyond the outward facts of Jesus’ life. In this sense, Jesus becomes for John, as Massimo the Confessor inspiringly used to say, "Symbol of Himself": in as much as Jesus manifests himself externally to men, he leads them towards himself, yet remaining unfathomably hidden.
The commentary on the fourth Gospel, presented here in a revised and updated edition, proposes a new synthesis between critical exegesis and search for the "spiritual sense", according to the spirit of the Fathers, particularly important for the Church and today’s world.
This fifth volume in the series, Don Bosco: History and Spirit, is chiefly devoted to a description of the institutional expansion of the Salesian work. The first two chapters describe the school reform legislation in the Kingdom of Sardinia, noting that the secularization of the public school was the first significant step taken by the liberal revolution in its program aimed at a general secularization of society and the gradual elimination of the Church’s influence. In this context Don Bosco’s historic decision to undertake the school apostolate in a major way in Piedmont and Liguria is understood as part of the Church’s effort to counteract the process of secularization. This may be rated as the the first great "external" expansion, spanning the 1860s and early 1870s. A second expansion described in the last chapter (Ch. 8) spans the decade 1875-85 and sees the Salesian work established in France and Spain, and further in Italy. This presentation is preceded, by way of context, by a brief historical survey of united Italy under the governments of the radical Left (from 1876), and by an even briefer sketch of the political-social situation in France in the first decade of the Third Republic (1875-85)–all this in the pontificate of Leo XIII (from 1878).
The middle section of the volume (Chs. 3-6) looks at the internal development of the institution especially from the standpoint of Don Bosco’s response to perceived needs of society and Church. This includes: Don Bosco’s espousal of the devotion and ideology of Mary, the Immaculate Help of Christians, and his decision to build the great church in her honor (1860s); Don Bosco’s protracted involvement (in a private capacity) in the negotiations between the Holy See and the Italian State for the appointment of bishops to vacant dioceses and obtaining for them the royal Exequatur (1865-74); Don Bosco’s founding, in association with Mary Mazzarello, of the Institute of the Daughters of Mary Help of Christans as a companion congregation to the Salesian Society (1864-1872); lastly (from the 1860s), Don Bosco’s on-going reflection on the Salesian lay vocation and his articulation of the Salesian Brother’s participation in the Society’s mission.
This fourth volume of the series Don Bosco: History and Spirit,focuses on the early Salesian constitutions as presented by Don Bosco for approval (1860-1874)–in the times of the Turin Archbishops–of Luigi Fransoni (in exile) and ensuing four-year vacancy, of Alessandro Riccardi di Netro (1867-1870) and of Lorenzo Gastaldi (1872-1874).
In introductory Chapters 1 and 2, the process of approval is set in the context of the historic events of the unification of Italy by the taking of Rome and the dispossession of the pope, at the time of the of the First Vatican Council and of the Franco-Prussian war. Out of these painful experiences, Don Bosco "prophetically" decries the hubris of the perpetrators of such injustices (France and Italy) and envisions God’s terrible chastisements in prophecies and letters of 1870-1873.
The constitutions are discussed from a double point of view: first, under the aspect of the historical process of approval and of the principles that brought Don Bosco in confrontation with his Archbishops and the Roman authorities (Chs. 3-6); secondly, under the aspect of the novel religious outlook, profound insights and spirituality that Don Bosco sought to embody in the constitutions (Chs. 7-10). To highlight this second aspect, selected articles from selected chapters are chosen for discussion.
The series Don Bosco, History and Spirit consists of seven volumes. The first three volumes survey the life and times of John Melchior Bosco ("Don Bosco," 1815-1888) up to 1864, with particular attention to nineteenth-century political, social and religious history. This survey looks at Don Bosco’s own education, at his spiritual and theological formation. It examines the growth of the work, and the founding and initial development of the Society of St. Francis de Sales, in the context of the liberal revolution and the unification of Italy (1848-1861).
This and the next three volumes describe Don Bosco’s life and work in the period following the unification of Italy. In this setting Don Bosco, History and Spirit discusses the institutional developments and organization of the Salesian Society. It describes Don Bosco’s further ministerial choices, and surveys the expansion of the Salesian work. At the same time it examines the development of permanent structures to guarantee the continuance of the Salesian work, and discusses some of the founder’s insights and ideas, especially as they emerge from the reflective writings of his maturity.